France

Adoption plénière breaks original filiation; treated as biological FR child (Art 20 → Art 18). Adoption simple preserves biological filiation. Hague 1993 compliance for international adoptions. Art 21-12 1°/2° taken-in pathway is FR-SPC-03 (separate route).

Foundling presumption rebuttable until proof of foreign parentage. OFPRA statelessness recognition independent administrative status. Distinct from Art 19-3 double droit du sol (FR-BTH-02). 1961 Statelessness Convention compliance.

TRC mandatory — UNIQUE French signature feature. Principal case-load: Algerian-born parents (pre-1962 Algeria was French) triggering Art 19-3 for FR-born children. Includes DROM-COM coverage. Pasqua suspension 1993 → Guigou restoration Loi 98-170 1998. Loi 98-170 Art 50 transitional rules for pre-1998 births. Automatic and irrevocable at birth.

Anticipated declaration at TJ; refusal grounds limited to residence-proof failure (Arts 26-26-5). Distinct from Art 21-7 by declaration mechanism + earlier age. 5y residence from age 8 (declaration at 13 with parental consent); 5y from age 11 (declaration at 16 alone).

Cross-cutting framework anchor. Effet collectif Art 21-12: 30-40% of décret beneficiaries are minor children. Perte Arts 23-23-8: 5 mechanisms. Déchéance Arts 25-25-1: post-Loi 2016-731 broadened terrorism scope per CC 2014-439 QPC validation. Loi 2024-42 Art 26 (broadened déchéance) CENSORED by CC 2023-863 DC. Dual nationality 1963 Convention denounced by FR effective 2009-09-05. EU citizenship Rottmann/Tjebbes/JY proportionality. Schengen + ECN signed-not-ratified. Failure to name minor in décret: child does NOT acquire FR — must pursue independent FR-BTH-03/04.

TRC mandatory — most-litigated FR historical-cohort regime. NLR-HIGH: Article 152 Évian shorthand commonly cited but Évian text consists of government Declarations not numbered articles (FR-A-030). Current redress: Art 24-1/24-2 réintégration (FR-RST-01/02) plus Art 19-3 double droit du sol (FR-BTH-02). CE Ass. 1990 N° 78519 GISTI clarifies Accord franco-algérien 27 décembre 1968. Original window 1962-1967 closed.

PLACEHOLDER. France does NOT operate any CBI program (FR-A-058). Investors with talent passport (Loi 2016-274) follow FR-NAT-01 5-year timeline; Art 21-18 immédiat stage waiver discretionary on services exceptionnels. Bucket retained for canonical 11-bucket coverage.

TRC mandatory — most-applied FR route. Décret 2025-648 B2 elevation 2026-01-01; LF 2026 €55→€255 fee 2026-05-01; Loi 2024-42 Art 24/25/26 censured by CC 2023-863 DC; Circulaire Retailleau 2025-05-02. Stage reductions: Art 21-18 1° (2y FR higher-ed); 2°/3° (immédiat for talent passport, services exceptionnels); Art 21-19 1y refugees and stateless.

Used by women who lost nationality by marriage pre-1973 (Loi 1927). Also extends to harkis and decolonization-affected persons. Distinct from Art 24-1 réintégration par décret (FR-RST-02). CC 2018-737 QPC affirmed retrospective égalité. NLR Q5.4: timeline distinction not statutorily fixed. Manifest attachment to France required (marriage, domicile, military service).

Created by Loi 2016-274 du 7 mars 2016. Direct ascendant (parent/grandparent) of French national with deep France residence ties (25y minimum, 65+ age at declaration). NLR: 25y continuity during absences, evidentiary standards, indignité grounds, descendant death impact.

Three pathways within Art 21-12 1°/2°. Distinct from FR-ADP-01 (Art 21-12 first paragraph adoption simple) by non-adoption-decree mechanism. NLR: training body decree criteria, interrupted placement continuity, age dispute. A: 3y taken-in-and-raised by FR national; B: 3y entrusted to ASE; C: 5y FR public/approved-private training. Absolute deadline = 18th birthday.